![]() ![]() presented a strategy for modifying orthodontic devices, which took quaternary ammonium modified gold nanoclusters as an antibiotic reagent to prevent bacterial contamination and biofilm formation ( Xie et al., 2020). Therefore, various strategies have been adopted to prevent the growth and colonization of bacteria between IO and teeth, such as adding antibacterial agents, antibacterial coatings and constructing self-cleaning surfaces ( Milionis et al., 2020 Zhang et al., 2020 Worreth et al., 2021). However, the IO membranes prepared through conventional process usually have no antibacterial and low antifouling abilities. According to literature reports, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly (ethylene terephthalate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol) (PETG), polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycarbonate (PC) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) have been applied in IO fabrication ( Gardner et al., 2003 Kwon et al., 2008 Zhang et al., 2011 Lombardo et al., 2017). Therefore, the development of functional membrane with antibacterial and antifouling properties for the application of IO is of great significance for the prevention of bacterial adhesion and colonization, thereby promoting the oral health and safety during orthodontic treatment.Īmong the several parameters affecting the clinical performance of IO, the membranes used for the manufacture of the IO play a crucial role ( Bichu et al., 2023). When wearing IO, the flow rate of saliva between IO and the dental mucosa will slow down, seriously affecting the self-cleaning of teeth and oral tissues, which will further lead to the growth of bacteria ( Kuramitsu et al., 2007 Kolenbrander et al., 2010). However, the antibacterial ability of the membrane used in traditional IO is insufficient or even missing, which makes it easy for microorganisms to accumulate, adhere and proliferate in oral environment ( Schlafer et al., 2012). At present, compared with traditional orthodontics, invisible orthodontics (IO) has gradually become the mainstream with its advantages of aesthetics comfort and ease of use. Orthodontics can not only prevent teeth from oral problems (including periodontitis, caries, tooth loss, etc.), but also can achieve the effect of teeth whitening and improve the self-confidence of patients ( Burden, 2007 Chaturvedula et al., 2021). Orthodontics is becoming extensively popular as the most efficient and simplest treatment method for teeth restoration. ![]() In recent decades, the health and whitening of teeth has received widespread attention ( Sims et al., 2020). Collectively, the mutifunctional ACMs in the study are expected to be prominent alternatives for existing IO. ![]() Noticeably, the amount of protein adhered on the surface of ACMs was only 28.1 μg/cm 2, showing ideal antifouling performance. Experiment results demonstrated that bactericidal rates of ACMs against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans were larger than 99.99%. ACMs were conferred with favorable transparency (∼70% in the visible light range) and excellent antibacterial ability. Herein, antibacterial composite membranes (ACMs) containing polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly (hexamethylene guanidine) hydrochloride-sodium stearate (PHMG-SS) were facilely manufactured through the hot-pressing membrane forming technology. Other vital functions, like antibacterial and antifouling activities, are neglected. However, most of the membranes currently used for IO only meet the requirement of shape retention. In virtue of the advantages, such as aesthetics, designability, convenient removal, and comfortable experience, invisible orthodontics (IO) have been widely recognized and accepted by the public. 3Research Center for Fiber Science and Engineering Technology, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin, China.2State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.Feng Yang 1,2,3, Chenyi Wu 1, Yuanzhang Jiang 2,3, Lin Tan 2,3 and Rui Shu 1* ![]()
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